{"id":2574,"date":"2023-09-02T20:11:36","date_gmt":"2023-09-02T19:11:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/?p=2574"},"modified":"2023-09-02T20:13:59","modified_gmt":"2023-09-02T19:13:59","slug":"reinos-proto-dinasticos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/","title":{"rendered":"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ap\u00f3s o florescimento das comunidades que, aos poucos, se foram estabelecendo ao longo do vale do Nilo (1)<\/a>, come\u00e7am a emergir, de sul para norte, os primeiros reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos. Os dados procedentes dos seus enterramentos sugerem que estas unidades pol\u00edticas j\u00e1 existiam desde finais de Nagada II.<\/span><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
Localizados em locais muitos espec\u00edficos temos: Qustul (N\u00fabia), Hieracompolis, Nagada e Abido (2)<\/a>. Fruto de intera\u00e7\u00f5es constantes e la\u00e7os que se foram estabelecendo entre os tr\u00eas \u00faltimos, forma-se uma unidade pol\u00edtica maior, o \u201creino proto-din\u00e1stico do Sul\u201d, que acabaria por ganhar for\u00e7a e controlar todo o territ\u00f3rio (Parra et al., 2021).\u00a0<\/span><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
Contudo, quais foram os mecanismos que colocaram em marcha a forma\u00e7\u00e3o destes jovens reinos? Parra et al. (2021: 18) sugerem que:\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
(\u2026) a passagem do sistema de parentesco que comandava as primeiras estruturas pol\u00edticas eg\u00edpcias (as distintas hierarquias repartidas ao longo do Nilo) para o sistema estatal que regeria depois a governa\u00e7\u00e3o do Egipto fara\u00f3nico pode ter surgido do confronto entre comunidades com o objetivo de conseguirem mais recursos ou bens de prest\u00edgio vindos de fora do Egipto.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
Como as comunidades derrotadas tinham de ser controladas atrav\u00e9s de \u201cformas estatais\u201d, estas acabaram por invadir a estrutura social da hierarquia triunfante.<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Plano de Abidos, em \u00abEgypt and the S\u00fbd\u00e2n; handbook for travellers\u00bb, 1914<\/a> | Wikipedia<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
(\u2026) tr\u00eas das hierarquias participantes acabaram por dominar o jogo e transformaram-se nos reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos de Hieracompolis, Nagada e Abido.<\/span><\/h5><\/div>
(Parra et al., 2021: 18)<\/span><\/h6><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
A unifica\u00e7\u00e3o destes centros pol\u00edticos teria tido lugar algures nos come\u00e7os de Nagada III. A isto seguir-se-\u00e0 a verdadeira unifica\u00e7\u00e3o do Norte e do Sul, juntamente com o aparecimento da Dinastia 0 (3).<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Definindo o territ\u00f3rio eg\u00edpcio\u2026<\/span><\/h2>
A ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o permanente de um territ\u00f3rio e o facto de se lidar constantemente com o mesmo local leva ao estabelecimento de la\u00e7os afetivos e ao desenvolvimento de direitos territoriais por parte das popula\u00e7\u00f5es. Isto ir\u00e1 gerar um sentimento de confian\u00e7a dentro das comunidades, dando origem \u00e0 conhecida \u00absoberania\u00bb do territ\u00f3rio (Kemp, 1992). Mal o processo de estabelecimento e forma\u00e7\u00e3o de um Estado se inicie, o dom\u00ednio de uma determinada \u00e1rea, imediatamente se converte numa realidade. \u00c9 aqui que come\u00e7am a jogar os interesses de controlo do espa\u00e7o assentes nas vontades e desejos do Homem.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
A combina\u00e7\u00e3o de ambi\u00e7\u00e3o e sentido m\u00edstico da identidade fez com que os indiv\u00edduos e as comunidades entrassem numa situa\u00e7\u00e3o de poss\u00edvel competi\u00e7\u00e3o e mudou, de uma vez para sempre, a natureza da sociedade. A partir de assentamentos de agricultores em que n\u00e3o havia chefes, surgiram comunidades em que uns quantos l\u00edderes dirigiam a maioria.<\/span><\/h5><\/blockquote><\/div>
(Kemp, 1992: 44)<\/span><\/h6><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aos poucos, v\u00e3o aparecendo elementos como a burocracia, o sistema judicial, a administra\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 as bases do poder fara\u00f3nico. Barry Kemp (1992: 28) afirma que \u201ca burocracia eg\u00edpcia expressou uma ideologia impl\u00edcita de ordena\u00e7\u00e3o social\u201d. As ideologias v\u00e3o contribuindo para a forma\u00e7\u00e3o do futuro Estado eg\u00edpcio, que se erguer\u00e1 como uma \u00fanica entidade pol\u00edtica central.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div>
Provavelmente Nagada fora derrotada durante as lutas pelo poder no Alto Egipto e os soberanos de Abido acabaram por conseguir exercer controlo por todo o pa\u00eds. Assim, aliaram-se a grupos da elite de Hieracompolis que se encontravam numa posi\u00e7\u00e3o favor\u00e1vel, do ponto de vista estrat\u00e9gico, gra\u00e7as \u00e0s valiosas mat\u00e9rias-primas a que tinham acesso diretamente do Sul (Bard, 2007). <\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Forma\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado: mapa hipot\u00e9tico dos proto-estados mais importantes do Alto Egipto, quando se desenvolvem em finais do Per\u00edodo Pr\u00e9-din\u00e1stico | Kemp, 1992<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
A elite da hierarquia triunfante transforma-se no \u00fanico grupo de parentesco e lentamente vai incorporando nestas comunidades os comportamentos estatais aplicados aos derrotados. <\/span>As fam\u00edlias come\u00e7am-se a unir atrav\u00e9s de rela\u00e7\u00f5es matrimoniais que em muito potenciam todo o processo, juntando e unindo estes centros.<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Durante o Pr\u00e9-din\u00e1stico Nagada foi politicamente insignificante, Abidos foi o principal centro de culto do rei defunto e Hieracompolis seguiu sendo um importante centro de culto associado ao deus H\u00f3rus, s\u00edmbolo do rei vivo.<\/span><\/h5><\/blockquote><\/div>
(Bard, 2007: 97)<\/span><\/h6><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u00c9 poss\u00edvel que alguns grupos se tenham revoltado contra os centros mais poderosos, por uma quest\u00e3o de independ\u00eancia e de demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o de poder, o que poderia ter resultado em alguns epis\u00f3dios b\u00e9licos. Irene Sagal\u00e9s (2018: 16) afirma que :<\/span><\/div>
Em resultado do crescimento destes \u00abprotorreinos\u00bb, e com o prop\u00f3sito de obter a supremacia, surgiu entre eles uma grande rivalidade. Hieracompolis alcan\u00e7ou a vit\u00f3ria e unificou o Alto Egipto com um governo fortemente centralizado. Por\u00e9m, a sede por novos territ\u00f3rios n\u00e3o acalmou (…) e os governantes vitoriosos de Hieracompolis decidiram abandonar a cidade natal e estabelecer-se em Tinis-Abidos, tendo em vista uma expans\u00e3o mais para norte.<\/span><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Enterramentos<\/span><\/h2>

Como sucedera nas culturas anteriores, s\u00e3o os locais de enterramento que nos fornecem os dados mais valiosos acerca destes novos reinos.<\/span><\/p>

Os monarcas deste per\u00edodo foram sepultados em Abido, como sugerem os t\u00famulos a\u00ed exumados: verdadeiros mausol\u00e9us, classificados como \u201cprincipescos\u201d pelas suas dimens\u00f5es e enxovais, propositadamente afastados dos do resto da popula\u00e7\u00e3o. De acordo com Seidlmayer (1997: 23) a pr\u00f3pria hierarquiza\u00e7\u00e3o levou \u00e0 cria\u00e7\u00e3o de cemit\u00e9rios destinados apenas \u00e0 elite \u2013 algo que j\u00e1 se vai notando desde in\u00edcios de Nagada I (4).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o dos cemit\u00e9rios pr\u00e9-din\u00e1sticos de Hieracompolis | Hierakonpolis Expedition \u00a9 2012-2019<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Nas necr\u00f3poles U-J reconheceram-se enterramentos, inicialmente, reservados \u00e0s elites e, mais tarde, destinados aos soberanos da Dinastia 0 e da I Dinastia \u2013 “sepultados em grandes t\u00famulos sem estruturas vis\u00edveis (s\u00f3 cobertas com uma colina vertical ao n\u00edvel do solo)” (Parra et al., 2021: 21). <\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
Aqui tamb\u00e9m surgiram os primeiros ind\u00edcios de escrita hierogl\u00edfica \u2013 signos ideogr\u00e1ficos e fon\u00e9ticos, datados entre Nagada III e a Dinastia 0 \u2013, num t\u00famulo que ter\u00e1 pertencido a um monarca, al\u00e9m de v\u00e1rios recipientes cer\u00e2micos importados da Palestina. <\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Objetos encontrados em Umm el-Qaab | Necr\u00f3poles U-J, Abidos | British Museum (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<\/p>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Os enterramentos mais opulentos eram fossas retangulares de larga dimens\u00e3o, refor\u00e7adas com muros ou madeira; e em alguns casos, documentaram-se pequenas c\u00e2maras laterais destinadas a oferendas funer\u00e1rias, como sucede no T\u00famulo 100 de Hieracompolis (Fuente, 2005) (5). Parra et al. (2021: 21) descrevem tamb\u00e9m os enterramentos e respetivas estruturas encontradas:<\/span><\/div><\/div>
Uma grande estrutura retangular de tijolo delimitava um espa\u00e7o cerimonial, conhecido como “pal\u00e1cio funer\u00e1rio”, e acompanhava como elemento imprescind\u00edvel cada t\u00famulo, separado a um quil\u00f3metro e meio de dist\u00e2ncia. Embora se desconhe\u00e7a a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o ritual, sabe-se que eram destru\u00eddas antes da constru\u00e7\u00e3o da do soberano seguinte.<\/span><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
(…) enterramentos como o T\u00famulo 100 de Hieracompolis, no qual se destaca a decora\u00e7\u00e3o pintada com elementos que apareceriam seguidamente na ideologia fara\u00f3nica; ou o t\u00famulo T23 dessa mesma necr\u00f3pole, com formas que anunciam j\u00e1 as do complexo funer\u00e1rio de Djoser, o fara\u00f3 da III dinastia. Em Nagada, destacam-se os grandes t\u00famulos da necr\u00f3pole T, com grandes dimens\u00f5es, em especial o T5. Por seu lado, em Abido devem ser mencionados os enterramentos da necr\u00f3pole U, com grandes t\u00famulos. E justifica-se uma men\u00e7\u00e3o especial para o \u00faltimo t\u00famulo ali escavado, o U-j, pelo seu fant\u00e1stico enxoval funer\u00e1rio.<\/span><\/h5><\/blockquote><\/div>
(Parra et al., 2021: 18)<\/span><\/h6><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
O T\u00famulo 100 de Hieracompolis foi descoberto, entre 1898 e 1899, por F. W. Green e J. E. Qibell, e pertencera a um dos primeiros reis de Hieracompolis, da altura do per\u00edodo Guerzense (Nagada II). “Em concreto, (…) \u00e9 uma fossa retangular de 5 por 2 metros, e 1’5 de profundidade, cujas paredes foram refor\u00e7adas com muros decorados com um friso decorativo que ocupa tr\u00eas das citadas paredes” (Fuente, 2005:27) (6)<\/a>.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
Quando Green e Qibell l\u00e1 chegaram o t\u00famulo j\u00e1 tinha sido saqueado e o enxoval funer\u00e1rio havia desaparecido, restando apenas alguns ossos, fragmentos de vasos cer\u00e2micos e artefactos em s\u00edlex. <\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Pintura mural do T\u00famulo 100 de Hieracompolis | Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
O estilo pict\u00f3rico que este t\u00famulo apresenta \u00e9 algo invulgar, comparativamente \u00e0s representa\u00e7\u00f5es art\u00edsticas da \u00c9poca Arcaica: “(…) as figuras, cujos bra\u00e7os e pernas encontram-se muito estilizados, apresentam a cabe\u00e7a de perfil e o torso de frente” (Fuente, 2005: 27).<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Figuras com os bra\u00e7os em adora\u00e7\u00e3o | Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/span><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u00a0<\/span>Observando os pain\u00e9is de fundo amarelo e as diversas figurinhas de colora\u00e7\u00e3o vermelha, negra e branca que povoam o cen\u00e1rio, reconhecemos um vencedor que golpeia com uma ma\u00e7a inimigos\/prisioneiros; figuras que conduzem o gado com varas, e outras com os bra\u00e7os erguidos para o c\u00e9u \u2013 como que em adora\u00e7\u00e3o; um rei que domina o caos e a desordem; e um governante sentado num dossel.<\/span><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Personagem a conduzir o gado (C) | Wikipedia \u00a9CC BY-SA 3.0<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Os motivos que, talvez, mais chamam \u00e0 aten\u00e7\u00e3o, dominando a composi\u00e7\u00e3o pela grande dimens\u00e3o que apresentam, s\u00e3o seis barcas \u2013 cinco de colora\u00e7\u00e3o branca e uma negra. Estas s\u00e3o s\u00edmbolo da autoridade e poder, ao mesmo tempo que expressam o movimento do decorrer do tempo.<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Guerreiro\/rei a golpear os inimigos com uma ma\u00e7a | Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
As pinturas do T\u00famulo 100 de Hieracompolis, importante centro religioso e pol\u00edtico j\u00e1 na \u00e9poca pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3rica, est\u00e3o estreitamente relacionadas com a hierarquiza\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o dos indiv\u00edduos enterrados, mas sim das mesmas cidades que, j\u00e1 na \u00e9poca de Nagada II, se constituem como lugares centrais.<\/span><\/h5><\/blockquote><\/div>
(Fuente, 2005: 26)<\/span><\/h6><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Encontramos bastantes representa\u00e7\u00f5es de \u201cinimigos\u201d, onde o chefe, ou o rei, os vence e castiga, prendendo-os em fila. Aqui o soberano surge como o grande pacificador e dominador de um Mundo que se encontra em constante perigo, amea\u00e7ado pelas for\u00e7as antag\u00f3nicas do universo. A sua representa\u00e7\u00e3o com um b\u00e1culo e um l\u00e1tego \u2013 clara refer\u00eancia aos primeiros ind\u00edcios da festa Sed \u2013 sugere a for\u00e7a e autoridade deste perante a comunidade. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
As for\u00e7as da natureza s\u00e3o representadas sob a forma de animais (le\u00f5es) ou com apar\u00eancia antropom\u00f3rfica. Contudo, apesar do poder que possuem, encontram-se subjugadas perante o poderio que emana do grande governador, aquele que protege os seus. <\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Detalhes do T\u00famulo 100 de Hieracompolis | Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Do ponto de vista de Fuente (2005: 31) as pinturas do T\u00famulo 100 fazem sobressair uma figura que se distingue dentro da hierarquia social, pelas suas capacidades enquanto ca\u00e7ador e guerreiro \u2013 que na realidade n\u00e3o ficam muito atr\u00e1s das compet\u00eancias que ostentar\u00e1 o fara\u00f3 futuramente.<\/span><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
Em Hieracompolis encontraram-se tr\u00eas importantes objetos com cenas talhadas: uma cabe\u00e7a de ma\u00e7a pertencente ao denominado rei Escorpi\u00e3o, e uma paleta e uma cabe\u00e7a de ma\u00e7a do fara\u00f3 Narmer \u2013 encontrados tamb\u00e9m Quibell e Green no templo de H\u00f3rus. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
A Paleta de Narmer representa a unifica\u00e7\u00e3o do territ\u00f3rio eg\u00edpcio, \u00e9 a \u201ccertid\u00e3o de nascimento do Estado eg\u00edpcio\u201d, como dizia o Professor Jos\u00e9 das Candeias Sales numa confer\u00eancia \u00e0 qual tive oportunidade de assistir. <\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Paleta de Narmer <\/span>\u00c1ngel M. Felic\u00edsimo <\/span>| \u00c1ngel M. Felic\u00edsimo (CC BY 2.0)<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
As cenas nela representadas sugerem o ambiente b\u00e9lico vivido na altura, com a figura do rei a subjugar os inimigos e a acumular prisioneiros de guerra. Durante muitos anos, isto induziu em erro grande parte dos egipt\u00f3logos que acreditavam que a forma\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado eg\u00edpcio estava vinculada a contendas entre reinos, enquanto instrumento de consolida\u00e7\u00e3o do territ\u00f3rio.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
De facto, poder\u00e3o ter sucedido alguns momentos b\u00e9licos entre as popula\u00e7\u00f5es \u2013 estranho seria n\u00e3o terem acontecido, era inevit\u00e1vel que num momento ou outro acabassem por ocorrer. Por\u00e9m, n\u00e3o olhemos para estas contendas territoriais como algo constante e que sucedia com frequ\u00eancia. Este processo, que mais tarde levaria \u00e0 unifica\u00e7\u00e3o de todo o territ\u00f3rio eg\u00edpcio, viria a ser bastante demorado e vagoroso, concretizando-se aos poucos, sem press\u00f5es internas. <\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
No pr\u00f3ximo post vamos entrar no Egipto j\u00e1 unificado!<\/span><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Bibliografia<\/span><\/h2>
Bard, K. A.<\/strong> (2007). La Aparici\u00f3n del Estado Egipcio<\/strong><\/em>.<\/strong><\/em> En I. Shaw, Historia del Antiguo Egipto. (J. M. Ortiz, Trad., pp. 90-125) Madrid: La esfera de los libros. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div><\/div>
Fuente, M.<\/strong> (2005). Las culturas pr\u00e9hist\u00f3ricas en Egipto.<\/strong><\/em> Madrid: Ediciones Liceus.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
Kemp, B. J.<\/strong> (1992). Anatom\u00eda de una civilizaci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/em> (M. Tusell, Trad.) Barcelona: Editorial Cr\u00edtica. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div>
Parra, J., Castellano, N., Almaz\u00e1n, M., & Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M.<\/strong> (2021). Os Primeiros Fara\u00f3s. A Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Egipto<\/strong><\/em>.<\/strong><\/em> Edi\u00e7\u00e3o Especial Hist\u00f3ria, National Geographic. (R. Tavares, Trad.)<\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
Sagal\u00e9s, I.<\/strong> (2018). O Antigo Egito e a Mesopot\u00e2mia. Os primeiros imp\u00e9rios da hist\u00f3ria.<\/strong><\/em> (I. Mafra, Trad.) Rio de Mouro: Printer Portuguesa.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
Seidlmayer, S.<\/strong> (1997). El camino de Egipto hacia la civilizaci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/em>. Em V. V. A., Egipto. El mundo de los Faraones. Madrid.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
Shaw, I.<\/strong> (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt.<\/strong><\/em> (I. Shaw, Ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div>

Outras obras a consultar<\/span><\/h2>
Bard, K. A.<\/strong> (Ed.). (2005). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt.<\/em><\/strong> Londres, Nova York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
Wilkinson, Toby A.H.<\/strong> (1999). Early Dynastic Egypt.<\/strong><\/em> Londres e Nova Iorque: Routledge<\/span><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div>
L\u00e9v\u00eaque, P.<\/strong> (Ed.). (2014). As Primeiras Civiliza\u00e7\u00f5es: da Idade da Pedra aos Povos Semitas.<\/strong><\/em> Coimbra: Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70.<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div>

Notas<\/span><\/h2>
(1) Consultar post Culturas Pr\u00e9-din\u00e1sticas (I)<\/a> e Culturas Pr\u00e9-din\u00e1sticas (II)<\/a>.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
(2) Na bibliografia portuguesa encontramos este reino com duas grafias, Abido ou Abidos. Por sua vez, nas obras espanholas surge apenas no plural, Abidos. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
(3) O termo \u00abDinastia 0\u00bb n\u00e3o corresponde a uma linha reinante, mas sim a um grupo de governantes das cidades-estado incipientes, dos quais somente nos chegaram os nomes de uns quantos (Kemp, 1992: 60) \u2013 H\u00f3rus Ka (Sekhen), H\u00f3rus Narmer (Men\u00e9s?) e “Escorpi\u00e3o” (Serek ?).<\/span><\/div><\/div>
(4) Consultar post Culturas Pr\u00e9-din\u00e1sticas (I)<\/a>. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
(5) Este tipo de necr\u00f3poles tamb\u00e9m est\u00e3o documentadas em Di\u00f3polis Parva, Tinis e na N\u00fabia (Fuente, 2005: 27).<\/span><\/div><\/div>
(6) Para aprofundar alguns aspetos que n\u00e3o descrevo nest post, recomendo a leitura de um artigo publicado na AcademiaEdu da Doutora Mar\u00eda Amparo Arroyo de la Fuente<\/a>, onde a autora analisa, de modo pormenorizado, os pain\u00e9is do T\u00famulo 100 de Hieracompolis.<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Neste momento come\u00e7am a emergir, de sul para norte, os primeiros reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos. Os dados procedentes dos seus enterramentos sugerem que estas unidades pol\u00edticas j\u00e1 existiam desde finais de Nagada II, ganhando poder e fixando ra\u00edzes a partir daqui. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2586,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[286],"tags":[65,39,74,291,76],"class_list":["post-2574","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historia","tag-agricultura","tag-comercio","tag-crencas","tag-historia","tag-religiao"],"yoast_head":"\nReinos proto-din\u00e1sticos - Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos - Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Neste momento come\u00e7am a emergir, de sul para norte, os primeiros reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos. Os dados procedentes dos seus enterramentos sugerem que estas unidades pol\u00edticas j\u00e1 existiam desde finais de Nagada II, ganhando poder e fixando ra\u00edzes a partir daqui.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-09-02T19:11:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-09-02T19:13:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Tumulo_100.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"533\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Cl\u00e1udia Barros\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Cl\u00e1udia Barros\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Cl\u00e1udia Barros\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/51c13b5c5007bfe72c2361c90b6dd793\"},\"headline\":\"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-09-02T19:11:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-09-02T19:13:59+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2373,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/51c13b5c5007bfe72c2361c90b6dd793\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/Tumulo_100.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Agricultura\",\"Com\u00e9rcio\",\"Cren\u00e7as\",\"hist\u00f3ria\",\"Religi\u00e3o\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Hist\u00f3ria\"],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/\",\"name\":\"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos - Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/Tumulo_100.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-09-02T19:11:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-09-02T19:13:59+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/Tumulo_100.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/Tumulo_100.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":533},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/2023\\\/09\\\/02\\\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"In\u00edcio\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/51c13b5c5007bfe72c2361c90b6dd793\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/51c13b5c5007bfe72c2361c90b6dd793\",\"name\":\"Cl\u00e1udia Barros\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/ANCIENT-EGYPT-4.png\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/ANCIENT-EGYPT-4.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/ANCIENT-EGYPT-4.png\",\"width\":500,\"height\":500,\"caption\":\"Cl\u00e1udia Barros\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/ANCIENT-EGYPT-4.png\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/aegypt\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos - Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/","og_locale":"pt_PT","og_type":"article","og_title":"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos - Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing","og_description":"Neste momento come\u00e7am a emergir, de sul para norte, os primeiros reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos. Os dados procedentes dos seus enterramentos sugerem que estas unidades pol\u00edticas j\u00e1 existiam desde finais de Nagada II, ganhando poder e fixando ra\u00edzes a partir daqui.","og_url":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/","og_site_name":"Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing","article_published_time":"2023-09-02T19:11:36+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-09-02T19:13:59+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":533,"url":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Tumulo_100.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Cl\u00e1udia Barros","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Escrito por":"Cl\u00e1udia Barros","Tempo estimado de leitura":"12 minutos"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/"},"author":{"name":"Cl\u00e1udia Barros","@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/#\/schema\/person\/51c13b5c5007bfe72c2361c90b6dd793"},"headline":"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos","datePublished":"2023-09-02T19:11:36+00:00","dateModified":"2023-09-02T19:13:59+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/"},"wordCount":2373,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/#\/schema\/person\/51c13b5c5007bfe72c2361c90b6dd793"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Tumulo_100.jpg","keywords":["Agricultura","Com\u00e9rcio","Cren\u00e7as","hist\u00f3ria","Religi\u00e3o"],"articleSection":["Hist\u00f3ria"],"inLanguage":"pt-PT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/","url":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/","name":"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos - Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Tumulo_100.jpg","datePublished":"2023-09-02T19:11:36+00:00","dateModified":"2023-09-02T19:13:59+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"pt-PT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"pt-PT","@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Tumulo_100.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Tumulo_100.jpg","width":1920,"height":533},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/02\/reinos-proto-dinasticos\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"In\u00edcio","item":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Reinos proto-din\u00e1sticos"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/","name":"Ancient Egypt: What to know when you know nothing","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/#\/schema\/person\/51c13b5c5007bfe72c2361c90b6dd793"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"pt-PT"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/#\/schema\/person\/51c13b5c5007bfe72c2361c90b6dd793","name":"Cl\u00e1udia Barros","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"pt-PT","@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ANCIENT-EGYPT-4.png","url":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ANCIENT-EGYPT-4.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ANCIENT-EGYPT-4.png","width":500,"height":500,"caption":"Cl\u00e1udia Barros"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ANCIENT-EGYPT-4.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com"],"url":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/author\/aegypt\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2574","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2574"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2574\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2698,"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2574\/revisions\/2698"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2586"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2574"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2574"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2574"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}