{"id":2073,"date":"2023-08-20T15:18:50","date_gmt":"2023-08-20T14:18:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/?p=2073"},"modified":"2023-08-20T17:13:27","modified_gmt":"2023-08-20T16:13:27","slug":"abrindo-o-livro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ancientegyptwhattoknow.com\/index.php\/2023\/08\/20\/abrindo-o-livro\/","title":{"rendered":"Abrindo o livro…"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Margem do rio Nilo | Sciencing<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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H\u00e1 cerca de 5000 anos atr\u00e1s, nasceram, na singela falcada do Crescente F\u00e9rtil, os primeiros Estados, Na\u00e7\u00f5es e Imp\u00e9rios, espalhados pelas plan\u00edcies e areias que percorrem quil\u00f3metros do golfo P\u00e9rsico ao Mar Vermelho. Aqui o Tigre, o Eufrates e o Nilo, tornam-se nos personagens principais de uma narrativa que inaugura o erguer de pequenas aldeias, que v\u00e3o domesticando o mundo \u00e0 sua volta, transformando-se, ao longo dos s\u00e9culos, em aut\u00eanticos centros de esplendor e brilho cultural, liter\u00e1rio e tecnol\u00f3gico.<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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No seio de grupos n\u00f3madas que, viviam da ca\u00e7a e da recole\u00e7\u00e3o e que apenas concebem a ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o de determinado local como algo sazonal, come\u00e7a a nascer a necessidade de fixa\u00e7\u00e3o em locais que oferecem fartos recursos agropecu\u00e1rios e h\u00eddricos, os quais prometeriam culturas mais pr\u00f3speras, dada a fertilidade dos solos e o acesso a \u00e1gua. <\/span><\/p>

Nestes relevos pouco pronunciados, de vales abrigados e de plan\u00edcies f\u00e9rteis bem irrigadas, que v\u00e3o alternando com estepes semi-\u00e1ridas, a presen\u00e7a de gram\u00edneas e leguminosas selvagens (cevada, centeio, trigo, lentilha…) e a variada e abundante fauna com esp\u00e9cies potencialmente domestic\u00e1veis, facilitaram em parte todo este processo que come\u00e7ara a germinar.<\/span><\/p>

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Margem do rio Nilo | DK Find Out<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Encontramo-nos em pleno Neol\u00edtico, quando come\u00e7am a surgir todas estas transforma\u00e7\u00f5es no \u00e2mago de humildes comunidades. Al\u00e9m da domestica\u00e7\u00e3o em si, paulatinamente vamos assistindo \u00e0 divis\u00e3o de trabalho entre homens e mulheres; \u00e0 produ\u00e7\u00e3o excedent\u00e1ria de alimentos; aos primeiros atos de com\u00e9rcio e venda de produtos; \u00e0 produ\u00e7\u00e3o cer\u00e2mica \u2013 que enveredar\u00e1 por v\u00e1rios caminhos \u2013; a algumas mudan\u00e7as nos modos de vestir, etc.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
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S\u00e3o estes filhos do deserto quem viria a firmar os alicerces do termo, que hoje em dia, conhecemos por ‘civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o’; quem nos presenteia com os primeiros sistemas de escrita; quem levanta no firmamento as primeiras cidades \u2013 ditas civilizadas \u2013, onde almas e cora\u00e7\u00f5es esperan\u00e7osos sobrevivem a cada dia. S\u00e3o eles quem nos traz a roda, o arado e a cerveja; quem edifica os primeiros templos e constru\u00e7\u00f5es monumentais, honrando aqueles que lhes prov\u00eam sustento, paz, harmonia e saber – os Deuses. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
De acordo com os antigos credos, ser\u00e3o esta infinidade de divindades e demiurgos que habitam nos pante\u00f5es da altura \u2013 e que figuram nas mais divertidas, ou dram\u00e1ticas, epopeias e narrativas mitol\u00f3gicas \u2013, os respons\u00e1veis pelo nascimento destas primeiras civiliza\u00e7\u00f5es. Tal como noutras partes do Mundo, o desabrochar de tais Imp\u00e9rios deveu-se \u00e0 presen\u00e7a, n\u00e3o de seres m\u00edticos e inspiradores, mas sim de um elemento essencial, j\u00e1 anteriormente referido: a \u00e1gua (na realidade, tamb\u00e9m esta divinizada nas cosmogonias da regi\u00e3o).<\/span><\/div><\/div>
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Neste cen\u00e1rio, nascem ent\u00e3o as civiliza\u00e7\u00f5es da Mesopot\u00e2mia e do Antigo Egipto, fruto de tr\u00eas caudalosos rios, o Tigre e o Eufrates \u2013 para a primeira \u2013, e o Nilo \u2013 para a segunda. Assim, crescem nas margens destes cursos de \u00e1gua, prosperando e demonstrando o seu poderio, subjugando inimigos, por mil\u00e9nios.<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Mapa da regi\u00e3o do Crescente F\u00e9rtil - o ber\u00e7o da Humanidade | World History Encyclopedia<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Tanto a Mesopot\u00e2mia, como o Antigo Egipto, s\u00e3o parte de um dos primeiros cap\u00edtulos da nossa hist\u00f3ria, aqueles em que procuramos povoar o Mundo e reduzi-lo \u00e0s nossas vontades, em que o tentamos domesticar e tornar nosso, em que lhe demos, acima de tudo, um cunho pessoal. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
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Her\u00f3doto, no s\u00e9culo V a.C., escrevera “O Egipto \u00e9 um dom do Nilo”. Concordaremos que sem o Nilo, o Egipto n\u00e3o seria mais do que um simples amontoado de dunas e de deserto em toda a sua extens\u00e3o. A civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia deve muito ao enquadramento natural onde nasceu; de facto, s\u00f3 existe gra\u00e7as ao Nilo e \u00e0s suas cheias anuais, que depositam no solo o limo suficiente para fazer prosperar as culturas agr\u00edcolas, que mal conseguiram ser controladas com diques ao longo do rio e com conjuntos de canais e dep\u00f3sitos de reten\u00e7\u00e3o, forneceram este elemento chave \u00e0 sobreviv\u00eancia humana.<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Rio Nilo | Journey to Egypt<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Apesar do Nilo se estender por seis cataratas, o territ\u00f3rio do Antigo Egipto ia apenas do Mar Mediterr\u00e2neo (Baixo Egipto) at\u00e9 \u00e0 primeira catarata do rio (Alto Egipto), uns kil\u00f3metros depois de Edfu. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
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Em aproximadamente 3000 anos de exist\u00eancia, como nem tudo s\u00e3o rosas, a hist\u00f3ria eg\u00edpcia vai registando um oscilar entre duas de tend\u00eancias um pouco antag\u00f3nicas – tanto podemos estar perante um poder central est\u00e1vel e fortemente centralizado, como nos podemos ver envoltos numa dispers\u00e3o em pequenos principados desorganizados. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
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Os momentos de estabilidade e poder centralizado coincidem, por via da regra, com os tr\u00eas not\u00e1veis per\u00edodos cronol\u00f3gicos do Imp\u00e9rio Antigo, Imp\u00e9rio M\u00e9dio e Imp\u00e9rio Novo, nos quais se verificam fatores “positivos” e um gracioso desenvolvimento cultural. <\/span><\/div><\/div>
Em contrapartida, e no meio dos per\u00edodos anteriores, surgem as ditas alturas mais “ca\u00f3ticas”, durante as quais se registam um certo desmembramento territorial e uma divis\u00e3o do poder, assistindo-se \u00e0 anula\u00e7\u00e3o da figura que reina. Designados pelos acad\u00e9micos como “Per\u00edodos Intermedi\u00e1rios” \u2013 dos quais se contam tr\u00eas, I Per\u00edodo Intermedi\u00e1rio, II Per\u00edodo Intermedi\u00e1rio, III Per\u00edodo Intermedi\u00e1rio\u2013, revestem-se de momentos de descentraliza\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica e admnistrativa, em que a estabilidade perde o seu habitual equil\u00edbrio, vivendo-se um ambiente de anarquia e fome – dado que a explora\u00e7\u00e3o do vale do Nilo deixa de ser assegurada -, com invas\u00f5es e lutas pelo poder que enfraquecem o cerne deste povo e os seus fundamentos de harmonia, paz e equil\u00edbrio, personificados na famosa Ma’at<\/a>. <\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Mapa do territ\u00f3rio que abrangia o Antigo Egipto | Journey to Egypt<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Apesar de algumas pe\u00e7as do puzzle j\u00e1 terem sido decifradas, quest\u00f5es como as de quem foram os antigos filhos do Egipto, como viviam, como funcionariam os seus sistemas de cren\u00e7as, como se relacionavam com o contexto \u00e0 sua volta, qual fora a sua hist\u00f3ria ou quem realmente constru\u00edra as pir\u00e2mides, s\u00e3o assuntos que ainda se encontram a ser escavados nas areias eg\u00edpcias, e alguns deles ainda est\u00e3o cobertos por uma vaporosa neblina que nos ofusca o olhar, contra a qual, atualmente, um corpo internacional de egipt\u00f3logos dedica os seus maiores esfor\u00e7os para poderem trazer do passado a grandiosidade deste povo.<\/span><\/div><\/div>
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Embarca comigo nesta viagem e vamos desmitificar o Antigo Egipto juntos! <\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c9 na regi\u00e3o do Crescente F\u00e9rtil, entre os rios Tigre, Eufrates e Nilo, que nascem os Estados e Imp\u00e9rios que v\u00e3o escrever as primeiras p\u00e1ginas da narrativa da hist\u00f3ria da Humanidade. \u00c9 neste contexto que se vai erguer o Pa\u00eds dos Fara\u00f3s, entre dunas, calor e um caudaloso rio que ajudar\u00e1 os eg\u00edpcios a prosperar por mil\u00e9nios.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2080,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[286],"tags":[416,434,97,320,291,419,435,78,436,433,432,437],"class_list":["post-2073","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historia","tag-anatolia","tag-berco-da-civilizacao","tag-crescente-fertil","tag-egipto","tag-historia","tag-mar-mediterraneo","tag-mediterrane","tag-mesopotamia","tag-nomadismo","tag-rio-eufrates","tag-rio-tigre","tag-sedentarismo"],"yoast_head":"\nAbrindo o livro... - 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